ࡱ> C  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABDEFGHIRoot Entry FPSummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8WordDocument7x  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFG Oh+'0| px tHP Normal.dotmWYZ@ Ef @=WPS Office_12.1.0.15990_F1E327BC-269C-435d-A152-05C5408002CA ՜.+,D՜.+,HPX`h px 0t|KSOProductBuildVerICV2052-12.1.0.15990$AEFB04C8576842548D6C37877012D168_12,0Table Data WpsCustomData0 P2OKSKS7x#hh hTT% I $ h 4 ` m 4 2025t^ YYe>yog )Y%m^ 'Yf[uыz[IlNы~R[Ջ ыIlSe Harmony in China s Foreign Relations The Chinese traditional cultural values of harmony, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, honesty, loyalty, and filial piety are embodied in China s diplomacy through the concept of harmony, the most important Chinese traditional value. Harmony But Not Uniformity According to the concept of harmony, the universe unites diversity. Difference does not necessarily equal contradiction. Differences sometimes evolve into contradictions, but sometimes they constitute a necessary condition for harmony. There are many examples in which differences complement each other in nature and society. Uniting diversity is the basis for the generation of new things. Confucius said,  The gentleman aims at harmony, and not at uniformity (junzi he er bu tong, TP[T N T). Thus, a gentleman may hold different views, but he does not blindly follow others. Instead, he seeks to coexist harmoniously with them. In the 1950s, the People s Republic of China put forward the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty; mutual nonaggression; noninterference in each other s internal affairs; equality and mutual benefit; and peaceful coexistence. These principles show how China s diplomatic strategy embodies the value of harmony. Over the past five decades, the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence have been widely accepted by most countries and have become important criteria for standardizing international relationships. On December 24, 2002, former Chinese president Jiang Zemin visited the United States and delivered a speech on China s diplomatic concept of harmony but not uniformity. Jiang said,  More than 2,000 years ago, the Chinese thinker Confucius brought forward the idea that  the gentleman aims at harmony, and not at uniformity. It meant that harmony promotes coexistence and co-prosperity whereas differences complement and support each other. The law of harmony but not uniformity is important for social development and as a standard for people s conduct. It is also the foundation for coordinating the development of civilizations. All the world s civilizations, social systems, and development modes should communicate with and learn from each other through peaceful competition. They should pursue co-development by seeking commonalities while preserving their differences. At the end of 2003, then Chinese premier Wen Jiabao spoke at Harvard University and said,   Harmony without uniformity is a great idea put forth by ancient Chinese thinkers. It means harmony without sameness and difference without conflict. Harmony entails coexistence and co-prosperity, while difference conduces to mutual complementation and mutual support. In May 2005, then Chinese president Hu Jintao advanced the concept of a  harmonious world at a high-level UN meeting. Noninterference in other countries internal affairs is an important foreign policy directive for the Chinese government. When one country has problems in its internal affairs, China believes that interfering, such as stirring up trouble by supporting one side in attacking another, is immoral. In recent centuries, China suffered invasions, humiliation, and much interference in its internal affairs, most notably by Western powers that forced China to sign a series of unequal treaties. The Chinese are thus opposed to the interference of other countries in a nation s internal affairs. From these current examples, it is clear that the concept of harmony has an impact on China s modern-day diplomacy. It is also paramount in guiding the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and China s policy on intervention both cornerstones of China s foreign relations today. Mutual Respect Between Countries According to Lao Tse s Tao Te Ching (Dao De Jing, S_~),  A great state is like a low-lying, downward-flowing stream; it becomes the center to which tend all the small states under heaven. . . . Stillness may be considered a sort of abasement. Thus it is that a great state, by putting itself on a lower level than small states, wins them over and that small states, by showing their deference to a great state, win it over. For the great state, showing humility leads to gaining adherents. For the small states, it leads to procuring favor. A great state only wants to unite and nourish people; a small state only wants to be received by, and to serve, the other. Each gets what it desires, but the great state must learn to show deference. 1 This means a bigger state should win the trust of a smaller state by acting modestly and vice versa. So the great state should not have an excessive desire to control the small one, and the small one should not grovel to the greater one. To achieve their respective goals, the great state should be particularly modest. Lao Tse also said,  The rivers and seas are paid tribute by all the streams because of their skill in being lower than the streams it is thus that they are the kings of them all.2So it is that the sage ruler, wishing to be above men, puts himself by his words below them. . . . Therefore all in the world delight to exalt him and do not weary of him. Because he does not strive, no one finds it possible to strive against him. 3This implies that if only people could turn away from fighting and internecine strife and instead make a concerted effort to move toward cooperating on coexistence and mutual development, human society could have a promising future. This view applies to China s foreign strategy because China sees all countries, big or small, as equal. Big and powerful countries should not bully small and weak ones. Big countries should not measure other countries against their own values and political systems nor should they despise, attack, or even exterminate those countries that do not comply with their own values and world view. Regardless of size, all countries should respect each other, learn from each other, and pursue coexistence and mutual development. China s Foreign Ministry spokesperson delivered a speech in 2012 on the EU s ban prohibiting its members from importing oil from Iran and imposing sanctions on Iran s Central Bank. He said that China insists on solving international disputes through dialogue and consultation. China is opposed to the unilateral sanctions on Iran and particularly disapproves of the expansion of these sanctions. Pressure and sanctions cannot solve the problems in Iran. On the contrary, they will make the issues more complicated and severe by intensifying antagonism and disturbing regional peace and stability. The parties involved should strengthen dialogue and cooperation to solve the Iran issues through negotiations. China s aid, investment, and trade to African countries do not attach any political conditions, a practice that demonstrates how a big country can show respect for smaller and poorer countries. China has endured many unequal treaties and has had conditions added on to loans by foreign powers. As a result, China opposes investment and loans to developing countries that carry additional political conditions. It tries to go by the traditional tenet,  Do not do to others what you would not like to be done to you. As for China s relationship with its neighbors, the government pursues a policy of  fostering a harmonious, secure, and prosperous neighboring environment. For instance, the Chinese government has pushed forward the Six-Party Talks on North Korea s nuclear-weapons program and played the role of mediator in resolving U.S. North Korean disputes. Based on the principles of mutual benefit, cooperation, and win-win development, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was established by China, Russia, and the five Central Asian countries. It has racked up impressive achievements over the past ten years. China also exchanges and cooperates with the Association of Southeast Nations, India, Pakistan, and other neighboring countries equally. All these initiatives reflect the principle that big countries should respect small ones. 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